2012年郑大自考下半年学位英语考前习题及解析
填空题及解析:
1、___great progress he has made!
A.How B.How a C.What D.What a
此题应选C。容易误选D,误认为progress是可数名字。此题命题者主要考察了两个方面的问题:一是感叹句句型;二是名词progress的可数性。
感叹句的基本结构是:
1)how+形容词/副词+主语+谓语!
2)what+(a/an)+形容词+名词+主语+谓语!(主语为不可数名词或复数形式,其前不用a/an)
英语中除了像air,water,milk,iron等这些中国人一目了然的不可数名词外,还有一些不可数名词很容易弄错。其中典型的有:work(工作),news(消息),luck(运气),fun(有趣的事),home-work(家庭作业),advice(劝告、建议),harm(损害,伤害),progress(进步),information(信息、消息),weather(天气),wealth(财富),furniture(家具),luggage/baggage(行李)等。注意一下正误句型:
误:I wish you a good luck.
正:I wish you good luck.祝你好运。
误:It's a great fun for us to be with her.
正:It's great fun for us to be with her.
误:He gave us some advices.
正:He gave us some advice.
例2:-Where does Mr Smith work?
-He works in a glass_____ around here.
A.work B.works C.working D.workes
此题应选B。容易误选C,误认为:因为其前用了不定冠词a,所以不能选work(因为不可数)和works(因为是复数),D显然是错的。这里work有三个意思很容易弄混:
1、表示“工作”是不可数名词:
He has too much work to do.他要做的工作太多。
2、表示“著作”或“作品”是可数名词,但多用复数:
The man gained his wealth by printing words off amous writers.他通过印刷著名作家的作品而赢得他的财富。 3、表示“工厂”只用复数形式,但可表示单数意义:
The glass works is are near the station.玻璃工厂在车站附近。
类似地注意以下各名词因变为复数形式,而导致含义有变化:
green 绿色 greens 青菜,蔬菜 wood 木头,木材
woods 小树林 manner 方式,方法 manners 礼貌
arm 臂 arms武器 water 水
waters河川,海,温泉spirit 精神 spirits 心境 quarter 四分之一
quarters 军营 custom 习惯 customs 关税 force 力气
forces 军队
例3:-Can I help you?-____,please.
A.Two teas B.Two cups of teas C.Two cup teas D.Two cup of tea
此题应选A.其余几项都容易被误选。要做好此题,先要弄清tea的两种用法:
1、表示“茶”,是物质名词,不可数:
I don't like to drink tea.我不喜欢喝茶。Would you like a cup of tea?要喝杯茶吗?
2、在口语中可以表示“一杯茶”,是可数名词;
-What can I do for you?你要吃点什么?-Two teas,please.请来两杯茶。
但是值得注意的是,虽然以上两种用法都可以,但千万不要将这两种用法混杂在一起。如可以说two teas,也可以说two cupsof tea,但是不能说two cups of teas。
具有类似用法的词还有coffee(咖啡):
1、表示“咖啡”,是物质名词,不可数:
I prefer tea to coffee.我喜欢喝茶不喜欢喝咖啡。
He served us with two cups of coffee.他用两杯咖啡招待我们。
2、在口语中可以表示“一杯咖啡”,是可数名词:
-Can I help you?你要点什么?
-Two coffees,please.请来两杯咖啡。
同时也要注意不要将以上两种用法混在一起。如可以说two coffees,也可以说two cups of coffee,但是绝对不能说two cups of coffees。
二、数词dozen,score,hundred,thousand,mil lion的用法
例:I want three_____ these eggs.
A.dozen B.dozens C.dozen of D.dozens of
此题涉及两个方面的问题:一是dozen是否加词尾-s,二是其后是否接介词of。由于在这个问题上dozen与score,hundred,thousand,million极为相似,所以这里将它们放在一起叙述:
1)当这些词与具体数字连用时,不用复数形式,也不后接介词of(尽管有人认为score/dozen之后有时可接of,但惯用法认为,省略of常见):three hundred students 300名学生/three score(of)eggs 60只鸡蛋。
2)当这些词不与具体数字连用,而是表示不确定的泛指数,则不仅要用复数形式,而且要后接介词of,然后才能后接名词:thousands of students数千名学生/dozens of times几十次/mil-lions of years ago数百万年前。
3)当这些词与a few,several,many等数目不很具体的词连用时,用不用复数形式均可,但是注意:不用复数形式,其后的介词of可以省略;用复数形式,其后介词of不能省略:several dozen(of)pencils/several dozens of pencils几打铅笔。
4)当这些词后面的名词有了the,these,those等特指限定词修饰时,或其后接的是us,them这样的人称代词时,则此时必须用介词of:two hundred of the workers这些工人中的200人/threedozen of these eggs这些鸡蛋中的3打/four dozen of them它们中的4打。
通过以上分析:此题答案显然只能是C。
容易弄错的集合名词
It is reported that a great number of ______died in the drought.
A.cattles B.polices C.peoples D.poultry
此题应选D。其余几项均可能被误选。此题主要涉及集合名词的用法,下面将集合名词的有关用法作一归纳:
Ⅰ类:这一类包括cattle(牛),people(人),police(警察),poul-try(家禽)等,其用法特点为:只有单数形式,但却表示复数意义,用作主语时谓语通常也用复数;不与a(n)连用,但可与the连用(表示总括意义和特指):The police are looking for him.People will laugh at you.
Ⅱ类:这一类包括family(家庭),team(队),class(班),audience(听众)等,其用法特点为:若视为整体,表示单数意义;若考虑其个体成员,表示复数意义。比较:
This class consists of 45 pupils.这个班由45个学生组成。
This class are studying English now.这个班的学生在学习英语。
Ⅲ类:这一类包括baggage/luggage(行李),clothing(衣服),furniture(家俱),machinery(机器)等,其用法特点为:是不可数名词,要用单数形式,不用不定冠词(当然更不能用数词),没有复数形式:
Our clothing protects us from against the cold.我们的衣服可以御寒。
Have you checked all your baggage?你所有行李都托运了吗?
means用法易错点
Every possible means_____ been tried,and wefind only______ this means can we do it well.
A.have,in B.have,by C.has,in D.has,by
此题应选D。其余几项均容易被误选。这里主要涉及名词means(方式,方法,手段)的用法与搭配:
1、单复数同形(永远有词尾-s)。若用作主语,其谓语的数需根据句意来确定。比较:
1)All possible means have been tried.2)Every possible means has been tried.
若句意不能明确地表明主语的单复数,其谓语则用单数或复数均可:
Is are there any other means of doing it?做这事还有其它的什么办法吗?
2、表示以某种方式、方法或手段,用介词by:
Only by this means can you do it well.只有通过这种办法你才能做好此事。
有时用by means of,意为:用,依靠:
Thoughts are expressed by means of words.思想靠语言来表达。
3、表示做某事的方法或手段,多接“of+(动)名词”:
But they had no means of cooking them.但是他们没有办法来把它们煮熟。
Taking a plane is the quickest means of getting there.去那儿最快的办法是坐飞机。
⑴ 语法形式上的一致主语为单数形式,谓语动词用单数形式;主语为复数形式,谓语动词为复数形式。
如:I often help him and he often helps me. 我经常帮助他,他经常帮助我。
We often help each other and learn from each other. 我们经常互相帮助,互相学习。
(2) 意义上的一致
a.主语形式虽为单数,但意义为复数,谓语动词用复数。
如:The crowds were surrounding the government official.
人群包围住了这位政府官员。
单数形式代表复数内容的词有:people,police,cattle等。
如:The Chinese people are brave and hard-working. 中国人民勇敢而又勤劳。
b.主语形式为复数,而意义上却是单数,谓语动词用单数。
news以及以ics结尾的学科名称(如:physics,politics,maths,economics等)。
(3) 就近原则就近原则即谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语。
a. 并列主语用连词or,either…or,neither…nor,not only…but also等连接,谓语应同相邻的主语保持人称和数的一致。
如:Not only the students but also the teacher enjoys listening to the music.
不仅学生而且这位老师也喜欢听这种音乐。
Are either you or he wrong? 要么是你错,要么是他错吗?
b. 在there be 表存在的句式中,主语是两个或多个名词(短语)的并列时,be 的形式与最前边的一个名词(短语)一致。
如:There is a pen,two knives and several books on the table
═ There are two knives,a pen and several books on the table.
桌子上有一支钢笔、两把小刀和几本书。
C. 副词或介词短语在句首的倒装句中,必须认准哪是主语。
如:Between the two buildings stands a monument. 两幢楼之间耸立着一块纪念碑。
On the ship were over 2,200 people. More than 1,500 people lost their lives. Among those was the young woman.
船上有2200多人,1500多人丧生,这位年轻妇女也在其中。
难点释疑:名词作主语
1、当名词词组中心词为表示度量、距离、金额、时间等复数名词时,往往可以根据意义一致的原则,把这些复数名词看作一个整体,谓语动词用单数形式。
如:Two hours is enough for me to finish the work.两小时对我来说完成这项工作足够了。
Two hundred dollars gives Jack much help.两百美元帮了Jack大忙。
2、如果主语有more than one… 或many a…构成,尽管从意义上看是复数内容,但它的谓语动词仍然用单数形式。
如: More than one comrade has asked to stay. 不止一位同志已经要求留下。
Many a passenger was killed in the accident. 许多乘客在这一次事故中丧生。
但是"more+复数名词+than one"结构及"more than one hundred+复数名词"结构之后,谓语动词一般用复数形式。
如:More members than one are against your plan. 不止一位成员反对你的计划。
3、不定代词each,every,no所修饰的名词及each…and each…,every…and every…,no…and no…,many a …and many a…结构作主语时,谓语动词仍用单数形式。
如:Every man and every woman is at work. 所有男的和女的都在工作。
Many a desk and many a bench is to be taken out of the hall.许多课桌和凳子将被搬出大厅。
4、表示成双成套的名词
如:chopsticks (筷子),compasses,clothes,glasses,jeans,scissors,shoes,socks,trousers等,作主语时,谓语动词通常用复数形式;
但如与a kind of,a pair of,the pair of,a series of 连用,作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。
由连接词连接的名词作主语
1)用and或both…and连接并列主语,表示不同概念,谓语动词常用复数
如:You and he both stand up. 你和他都站了起来。
Water and air are both important. 和空气都很重要。
Time and tide wait for no man. 岁月不待人。
但并列结构充当主语表示整体概念时,即指的是同一人,同一事物或同一概念,谓语动词用单数形式,这时and后面的名词没有冠词
2)英语中并列结构表示整体概念的有:表示兼职或有多个称呼的人
如:the worker and poet 这位工人兼诗人
The writer and teacher is speaking at the meeting.
这位教师兼作家正在会上发言。
6、当主语后面跟有as well as,along with,with,like,rather than,together with,等引导的词组时,其谓语动词的单、复数按主语的单、复数而定
如:Your father as well as you is very kind to me.
不仅你而且你的父亲对我都非常好。
He, like you and Xiao Li,is very clever.
他象你和小李一样非常聪明。
Mr Robbins,together with his wife and children,is leaving London for Paris.
Robbins先生明天将和妻子和孩子离开伦敦去巴黎。
分数、量词作主语
1、"分数或百分数+of+名词"构成的短语及由"a lot of, lots of, plenty of,half of,a heap of,heaps of +名词"构成的短语作主语时,谓语动词的数与短语中of后面的名词的数保持一致。
如:More than 70 percent of the surface of ouor planet is covered by water.
我们星球的表面百分之七十多都被水覆盖着。
One third of the students are girls in our group.
我们队三分之一的学生是女生。
2、a great deal of/ a large amount of修饰不可数名词,其短语作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式,
如:A great deal of rice was taken from the country to the city by railway.
很多大米通过铁路从乡下运往城市。
3、a number of+复数名词作主语,谓语动词用复数:the number of+复数名词作主语,谓语动词用单数。
如:A number of students are going for a picnic this weekend.
这个周末许多学生将去野炊。
The number of days in February this year is 28.
今年二月份的天数是二十八天。
名词化的形容词作主语"the+形容词(或过去分词或现在分词)"
如:the brave, the poor, the rich, the blind, the young, the old, the sick, the wounded, the injured, the unemployed, the dying, the living 等结构担任主语表示一类人时,谓语动词常用复数形式
如:The young are more active than the old.
青年人比老年人积极。
动名词、不定式短语和从句作主语,谓语动词用单数形式。
如:To learn a foreign language is not so difficult as you think.
学一门外语并不象你想象的那么难。
Smoking is bad for health. 吸烟有害健康。
That he has won the game is known to us all. 他赢了这场比赛是我们众所周知的事。
但what引导的主语从句所指的具体内容是复数意义时,谓语动词一般用复数形式。
如:What we need is more time. 我们需要的是更多的时间。
What we need are good teachers. 我们需要的是好老师。
填空题型:
做完形填空题,通读全文是作答前的一项必不可少的工作。只有通过对全文的阅读,思索和整体观察,才能根据上下文所提供的信息去作出推理判断,从而选出最佳答案。切忌读一行填一空,要知道,四个选项中就文章某一句而言,可能二个三个甚至四个都是可选的,而就全文而言,只有一个是最佳的。如:
「例」It was one of the most 1 and tiring games I've ever had. …In a way, I think we both won: I the game
A. encouraging B. hopeless C. surprising D. regular
「解析」就本句而言,A、B、C、D 中四个形容词能用and 和tiring相连的有 B 、C 两个选项。但是根据最后一句In a way, I think we both won: I the game, 说明"我"最后赢了比赛。所以B选项hopeless是不合适的。
浏览全文时要重点了解文中所叙述的人物、时间、地点、事件,即who, when, where, what.而要了解全文大意,开篇第一句是全文的窗口。一般来说,学位英语考试中得完形填空采用的短文无标题,短文的第一句不设题。这就为我们开了个了解文章的窗口,首句是解题指南,我们往往可以据此判断文章的体裁,预测全文的主题思想。
2、瞻前顾后,逐句细读
在了解短文大意和篇章结构的前提下,我们可以开始边看边选答案了。在具体选择中我们要注意以下几点:
(1)根据选项的不同词义判断答案
有些完形填空题考的是考生对不同单词词义的辨别能力。例如:
「例」Then Ed first phoned and 2 we play.
A.declared B. mentioned C. persuaded D. suggested
「解析」这句话讲的是Ed 打电话提议/建议(suggest)和我进行打球比赛。declare(申明)用词太大;mention(提到一件事/一个人) 和persuade (说服)在本句中用法不当,suggest we (should)play 是虚拟语气。所以答案为D..
(2)根据词汇的固定用法判断答案
有些答案的选择取决于动词与介词或副词的搭配、动词和名词的搭配以及形容词和名词的搭配、以及动词和名词的特殊用法等,同时要根据内容判断正确的答案。例如:
「例」When the score was 16 up, I was having serious doubts about staying alive until 21 years old, let alone 3 that many points.
A. scoring B. completing C. receiving D. keeping
「解析」本句中的points为比赛所得的分,本题中的C选项receiving(收到,得到)是最能让考生选错的一项,然而比赛中的得分(动词)应该用score.而completing(完成)以及keeping(保持,保留)在本句中就没了意义。所以答案为A.
(3) 根据社会及生活常识推断答案
有些题要根据常识来判断。完形填空本身考的是学生的综合能力,文章本身蕴涵着各类相关知识。如果有丰富的社会生活常识,会使文章问题简单化,也是综合能力的一种体现。例如:
「例」His big stomach has always ballooned out between his T-shirt and trousers. Although the family often 4 about that., Ed refused to buy a larger T-shirt or to lose weight.
A. cared B. forgot C. quarreled D. joked
「解析」这一句讲Ed胖的肚子像气球一样突了出来,根据实际生活经验应该可以判断,家里人经常笑话(joke)他。但他还是不去买宽大(larger)的衬衣来掩盖突出的肚子;也不减肥以减小已经很大的肚子。care about something 表示"在意,关心",是静态动词,不适合用often 来修饰。forget和本句逻辑不相符;quarrel与实际生活不相符。
(4) 根据上下文所提供的信息判断答案
高考完形填空题中,有许多前面的空白处选项取决于上下文中提供的有关信息。例如:
「例」I laughed quietly, figuring on an 5 victory.
A. unforgettable B. unexpected C. easy D. early
「解析」本句中laugh quietly(暗暗窃喜)表示自己将处于有利位置,估计自己将轻易(easy)取胜(victory)。而unforgettable(忘记不了的)和unexpected(意想不到的) 与本句逻辑不相符;early 和本句意思无关。所以答案为C.
(5)根据上下文的逻辑推理判断答案
文章上下文的逻辑关系常常用一些连接词来表达:有表达并列对等关系的and, as well as等;有表达转折关系的but, yet, while, however等,有表达因果关系的so ,therefor, as a result, because of, due to等。例如:
「例」My cousin must have made an effort to get himself into shape. 6 , at the point in our game when I'd have predicted(预计)the score to be 9 to 1 in my favor, it was instead 7 to 9-and Ed was leading
A. After all B. As a result C. Above all D. At last
「解析」上文讲到Ed的体形发生了很大的变化,下文就要讲体形变化对这场球赛的影响, 所以用as a result(结果是)来引出体形变化的结果。而after all (毕竟),above all(最重要的是),at last(最后,终于)都与本句意思无关。
3、认真审读,仔细验证
填空完毕之后,一道必不可少的工作就是认真审读,验证答案。一篇残缺不全的短文经过修补之后,如果在意义、逻辑、联系、搭配等方面都能顺理成章,那么它就基本上恢复了本来面目了。如果发现不够顺畅的答案,凭语感重新考虑。
总之,我们做完形填空题时 要遵循完形填空题的命题规律,掌握它的命题特点,注重解题步骤和方法,不断训练,以提高解题能力和水平。
1)词汇和语法对大家来说可能是比较难的,最主要的是词汇,因为作为成年人来讲,词汇量远远没有达到学位英语的要求,即使对正在读大学的大学生来讲,词汇也是一个难点。但要注意,词汇的考察有一定的重点,并不是所有的词汇都会考察。在记住词汇的同时要记忆一些词组,如:call off, call on; put off, put on,从这两组短语你能看出考察的重点吗?
(2)语法的考察需要注意以下几点时态:完成时态一般是正确答案(如果里面又有被动语态,那简直就太好了,一定是正确答案);语气:虚拟语气也是一样和完成时态有关的选项是正确答案,同时如果选项中出现动词原形be或者not be,那 他一定是正确答案;从句:如果考察名词性从句,那就选what,如果考察定语从句要看里面缺少什么句子成分;注意定语从句和同谓语从句的区别;非谓语动词:记住下面三点:非谓语动词作状语其逻辑主语是主句主语;逗号不能连接两个句子;现在分词表示主动或进行,过去分词表示被动或完成;不定式表示将来。倒装:倒装的选项是正确答案;强调句型:句首是it ,后面选that.
(3)阅读理解在解答时一定要区分好题型,是细节题就要使用细节题的答题方法和技巧,是主旨题就要使用主旨题的答题方法和技巧。同时要注意以下几点:阅读中的重点句子:段首句;因果句;转折句;列举句;正确选项的特点:文章关键词的改写。
(4) 完型填空:根据解答完形填空试题需要的信息量,完形填空试题可以分为两类:只需要根据试题所在的句子就能解答:A、语法题; B固定搭配题;需要根据试题所在句子的上文和下文进行解答:A.逻辑衔接题;B.语境词汇测试题
英语翻译试题:
It is hard to believe that automobiles, radios, motion pictures, frozen foods, electric refrigerator, to mention only a few items, have come into common use within thirty years.
主体结构:It is hard to believe that…(这简直令人难以置信)
宾语从句中: automobiles, radios, motion pictures, frozen foods, electric refrigerator have come into common use(汽车、无线电、电影、速冻食品、电冰箱已经进入普遍使用)
时间状语 :within thirty years (在30年之内)
插入语: to mention only a few items (仅提及几件东西)
翻译分析处理:此句比较棘手的是形式主语It和插入语: to mention only a few items的翻译。为了符合汉语的表达习惯,可以考虑将插入语前置,另起一句。经过句子结构分析、词语翻译和词序调整,我们便可将此句译成通顺的汉语了。
译文:且举几件东西来说吧,汽车、无线电、电影、速冻食品、电冰箱,这些东西在过去的30年中得到了广泛的应用,这简直令人难以置信
翻译下列句子:
1.他抬头看钟,发现已是夜里十一点多,不由吃了一惊。
2 .我发现他根本没听说过我,觉得有些失望。
因为最近开学了,没那么多时间了,我就没自己打字了,直接截图了, 请大家原谅。
如果大家觉得翻译比较麻烦,只要找出主句就可以了。
1. (1) Looking up at the clock, he was surprised to find it was already past eleven p. m-
(2) He looked up at the clock and saw to his amazement that it was already past eleven p. m.
2. (1) I was a bit disappointed when I found out he had never heard of me.
(2) Somewhat to my disappointment I saw that my name did not mean anything to him.
3. 但真正最令比尔激动的时刻是火灾发生六个月之后,刚刚出院的罗伊斯走进尤里卡饭店,请他喝啤酒。
考题实例:
Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place. (2001)
此句中的主、谓、宾结构为:Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world;皮尔森汇集了世界各地数百位研究人员的成果;
目的状语为:to produce a unique millennium technology calendar(用以)编制一个独特的新技术千年历;
两个定语从句分别为:calendar that gives the latest dates列出了最迟日期的千年历,和the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place我们可以期待的数百项重大突破和发现的最迟日期(知道它们何时将会发生)。
进行上述结构分析之后,我们便可以顺着原文的语序来翻译出此句:
皮尔森汇集世界各地数百位研究人员的成果,编制了一个独特的新技术千年历,历中列出了人们可望看到的数百项重大突破和发现的最迟日期。
考题实例:The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than 100 years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied.(2002)
此句为由连词and连接而成的并列句,其并列主谓结构为:The role of natural selection…was formulated …, and the selective role of …is only beginning to …自然选择的作用被阐明,而选择作用则刚刚开始……。其余成分分别为定语和状语。其中in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual为the selective role的状语。经过结构分析、调整,我们可得出以下译文:
自然选择在进化中的作用仅在100多年前才得以阐明,而环境在塑造和保持个体行为时的选择作用则刚刚开始被认识和研究。
翻译下面句子:
1.假如老板发现你经常在办公室打私人长途电话,他准会很生气。
2.我通宵用功,生怕通不过考试。
3。How many of us attending a meeting that is irrelevant to us would be active in the discussion?
1. (1) The boss would be angry if he should discover you often make personal long distance calls in the office.
(2) The boss would hit the roof if he should ever find out you often make private long distance calls in the office.
2. (1) For fear that I might not be able to pass the exam, I studied all night.
(2) I studied all night so I wouldn‘t fail the test.
(3) I studied all night because I feared failing the test.
3.如果让我们参加一个与自身无关的会议 ,那么我们中有多少人会积极参与讨论呢?
主句:how many of us would be active in the discussion?
修饰成分:attending a meeting 修饰 us。
that is irrelevant to us修饰meeting